B1 / Europe

Poland: Growth, Change, and Big Questions in Europe

Level: B1

Poland is one of the fastest-changing countries in Europe. Located in Central Europe, Poland has become an important political, economic, and cultural player in recent years.

While many people know Poland for its history, today the country is often in the news for its economic growth, political changes, energy policy, and its role in the Ukraine war.

A Growing Economy

In the past 20 years, Poland’s economy has grown quickly. After joining the European Union (EU) in 2004, Poland received investment and funding for roads, trains, schools, and businesses.

Today, Poland has:

• A strong manufacturing sector
• A growing technology industry
• Many international companies operating in cities like Warsaw, Kraków, and Wrocław

Poland has also become a popular destination for business outsourcing and IT services. Many young Polish professionals work in tech, finance, and international trade.

However, inflation and rising living costs have recently been challenges for many families.

Role in the Ukraine War

Since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Poland has played a major role in supporting Ukraine.

Poland has:

• Accepted millions of Ukrainian refugees
• Sent military and humanitarian support
• Increased its defence spending

Because Poland borders Ukraine, security has become a very important issue. The government is investing heavily in its army and border protection.

This situation has increased Poland’s importance within NATO and the European Union.

Energy and Climate Challenges

Like many European countries, Poland is facing energy challenges. For many years, Poland depended heavily on coal. Coal mines are an important part of its economy.

However, the European Union wants countries to reduce carbon emissions and move toward renewable energy.

Poland now faces a difficult question:
How can it protect jobs in coal regions while also switching to cleaner energy?

Wind farms, solar energy, and nuclear power are now part of national discussions about the future.

Politics and Social Debate

In recent years, Polish politics has been strongly debated.

Issues such as:

• Judicial reforms
• Media freedom
• Women’s rights
• Migration policy

have created strong discussions inside the country and also with the European Union.

In 2023, Poland held national elections that changed the political direction of the country. Many citizens hope this will improve relations with the EU and bring more stability.

Poland today is a democracy with active political participation, but it also shows how opinions can be deeply divided.

Modern Cities and Young Generation

Poland’s cities are modern, lively, and full of students. Warsaw has skyscrapers and international companies. Kraków mixes history with tourism and digital businesses.

Young Poles often speak very good English and travel widely across Europe. Many study abroad but also return home to build careers.

There is a feeling of ambition and progress, but also uncertainty about Europe’s future, security, and economic stability.

Why Poland Matters

Poland is not just a country with a strong past. It is a country at the centre of Europe’s present challenges:

• Security in Eastern Europe
• Energy transition
• EU political cooperation
• Migration and border policy

Because of its size, location, and population (over 37 million people), Poland’s decisions affect the entire region.

Poland shows how modern European countries must balance national identity, economic growth, security, and cooperation.

Definitions

Investment – money used to develop business or infrastructure

Refugee – a person who leaves their country because of war or danger

Defence – military protection against attack

Emission – gases released into the air (often pollution)

Stability – a situation that is calm and does not change suddenly

Conversation Starters

Why is Poland important in the Ukraine war?

Should countries spend more money on defence? Why?

Is it difficult for countries to move from coal to clean energy?

How can a country balance tradition and modernisation?

Why do political disagreements sometimes increase in democracies?

Would you like to live in a fast-growing European country? Why?

What challenges do young people in Europe face today?